All materials ©2000 Cynthia Stodola Pomerleau, except where noted


Autobiography and the "History" of Women

1John Langdon-Davies, A Short History of Women (New York: Viking Press, 1927), p. 358.
2Elizabeth Gould Davis, The First Sex (Baltimore: Penguin Books, Inc., 1972), p. 299.
3Margaret George, One Woman's "Situation": A Study of Mary Wollstonecraft (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), p. viii.
4Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929), p. 77.
5Doris Mary Stenton, The English Woman in History (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1957).
6Quoted in Myra Reynolds, The Learned Lady in England: 1650-1760 (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1964), p. 300.
7Ibid., p. 142.
8Roy Pascal, Design and Truth in Autobiography (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), pp. 1-20.
9 Dean Ebner, Autobiography in Seventeenth-Century England (The Hague: Mouton, 1971), p. 19.
10Ibid.
11Anna Robeson Burr, The Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909), p. 225.
12From an epitaph on her often attributed to Ben Jonson.
13John Milton, "Paradise Lost," Book IV, 11. 297-98 (Complete Poems and Major Prose, ed. Merritt Y. Hughes, New York: The Odyssey Press, 1957, p. 285).
14Quoted in Reynolds, op. cit., p. 316.
15Ibid., p. 51.
16Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, ed. Charles W. Hagelman, Jr. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1967), p. 86.
17Woolf, op. cit., passim.


Autobiographies Before 1700

1See Georg Misch, A History of Autobiography in Antiquity, translated in collaboration with the author by E. W. Dickes (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1950).
2Wayne Shumaker, English Autobiography: Its Emergence, Materials and Form (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954).
3Paul Delany, British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 7.
4Dean Ebner, Autobiography in Seventeenth-Century England (The Hague: Mouton, 1971), p. 16.
5See James M. Osborn, "The Beginnings of Autobiography in England: A Paper delivered by James M. Osborn at the Fifth Clark Library Seminar, 8 August, 1959" (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California, 1959).
6"In 1800 it was estimated that there were 450,000 women and but 375,000 men in London." Jay Barrett Botsford, English Society in the Eighteenth Century: As Influenced from Oversea (New York: Macmillan, 1924), p. 280.
7Calculated from the bibliography in Delany, op. cit.
8We must, of course, keep this fact in perspective. The only way we can distinguish pioneering works from literary dead ends is by what ultimately comes to be popularly accepted as the norm. The reticent record of a distinguished public career has its own dignity; but--partly because women have become a larger part of the reading and writing public and thus have played a larger role in the formation of literary taste--a more personal, confessional tone has come to be the hallmark of autobiographical excellence.
9Lady Lucy Knatchbull, autobiography in Sir Tobie Matthew, The Life of Lady Lucy Knatchbull, ed. Dom David Knowles (London: Sheed and Ward, 1931), pp. 27-49. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
10Anne Clifford, Countess of Pembroke, Lives of Lady Anne Clifford, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke and Montgomery (1590-1676) and of her Parents. Summarized by Herself (London: Roxburghe Club, 1916). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
11Ebner, op. cit., p. 80.
12William York Tindall, John BunyanMechanick Preacher (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), p. 30.
13Luella M. Wright, The Literary Life of the Early Friends: 1650-1725 (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1966), p. 261.
14Anna Trapnel, A Legacy for Saints (London: T. Brewster, 1634). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
15Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, "A True Relation of My Birth and Breeding," in The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, ed. C. H. Firth (London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd., n.d.). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
16Quoted in Henry Ten Eyck Perry, The First Duchess of Newcastle and her Husband as Figures in Literary History (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1918), p. 227.
17Quoted in Firth, op. cit., p. 209.
18Quoted in Myra Reynolds, The Learned Lady in England: 1650-1760 (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1964), p. 49.
19Quoted in Perry, op. cit., p. 240.
20Quoted in Firth, op. cit., pp. xxx-xxxi.
21Perry, op. cit., p. 251.
22Quoted in Firth, op. cit., p. 175.
23Quoted in Firth, ibid.
24Quoted in Reynolds, op. cit., p. 49.
25Quoted in Perry, op. cit., p. 85.
26Quoted in Reynolds, op. cit., p. 52.
27Quoted in Reynolds, ibid., p. 51.
28Quoted in Reynolds, ibid., pp. 51-52.
29Alexander Pope, The Dunciad, ed. James Sutherland (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1963; 3rd ed.), p. 280 (Book I, 11. 141-42).
30Quoted in Perry, op. cit., p. 207.
31Quoted in Reynolds, op. cit., p. 51.
32Quoted in Firth, op. cit., p. 32
33Firth, ibid., p. xxx.
34Lucy Hutchinson, "The Life of Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson," in Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson (London: Henry G. Bohn,, 1854). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
35Donald A. Stauffer, English Biography before 1700 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 154.
36Delany, op. cit., p. 166.
37Anne Fanshawe, Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
38Delany, op. cit., p. 162.
39John Donne, "A Valediction: forbidding mourning," 1. 21, in The Poems of John Donne, ed. Herbert J. C. Grierson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912), p. 50.
40Ebner, op. cit., p. 82
41Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, Some Specialities in the Life of M. Warwicke, ed. T. C. Croker (London: Percy Society, 1848, vol. 22). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
42Anne Halkett, The Autobiography of Anne Lady Halkett, ed. John Gough Nichols (London: Camden Society, 1875). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
43Margaret Bottrall, Every Man a Phoenix (London: John Murray, 1958), p. 153.
44Delany, op. cit., p. 162.
45Alice Curwen, A Relation of the Labour, Travail and Suffering of . . . Alice Curwen (1680, no other information given). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
46Mary Penington, Some Experiences in the Life of Mary Penington, ed. Norman Penney (London: Headley Bros., 1911). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
47Delany, op. cit., p. 166.
48Ibid.
49Elizabeth Andrews, "An Account of the Birth, Education and Sufferings for the Truthıs Sake of that faithful Friend, Elizabeth Andrews," Journal of the Friends Historical Society (London, xxvi (1929), pop. 3-8. Page numbers cited refer to this publication.
50Joan Vokins, Godıs Mighty Power Magnified (London: T. Northcott, 1691). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
51I do not suggest that men were not subject to dissatisfaction; I am only trying to show the particular form which it took for women.
52Margaret Fell Fox, "A Relation of Margaret Fell . . . ," in A Brief Collection of Remarkable Passages (London: J. Sowle, 1710). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
53Anon., Autobiography of a woman, supposedly a relative of Cromwellıs, born in 1654. Ms. B. M. Add 5858, ff. 213-21. Page numbers follow this manuscript.
54Barbara Blaugdone, An Account of the Travels, Sufferings, and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdone (London: T. Sowle, 1691). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
55Elizabeth Stirredge, Strength in Weakness Manifest (London: James Phillips, 1795). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
56Alice Thornton, The Autobiography of Mrs. Alice Thornton of East Newton, Co. York, ed. Charles Jackson (Edinburgh: Surtees Society, 1875). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
57Ebner, op. cit., p. 84.
58Alice Hayes, A Legacy or A Widowıs Mite: Left by Alice Hayes (London: Darton & Harvey, 1836). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
59Marion Fairly Veitch, Memoirs of Mrs. William Veitch . . . (Edinburgh: Committee of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland for the Publication of the Works of Scottish Reformers and Divines, 1846). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.


Historical Background: Before 1700

1Donald A. Stauffer, The Art of Autobiography in Eighteenth Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949), p. 132.
2Paul Delany, British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 107.
3Myra Reynolds, The Learned Lady in England, 1650-1760 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1920), p. 46.
4Wayne Shumaker, English Autobiography: Its Emergence, Materials, and Form (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954), p. 23.
5Stauffer, English Autobiography Before 1700 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 207.
6Joyce M. Horner, "The English Women Novelists and their Connection with the Feminist Movement (1688-1797)," Smith College Studies in Modern Languages, 11 (1929), 89.
7The works cited by Stauffer, Delany, and Shumaker, and Dean Ebnerıs Autobiography in Seventeenth Century England (The Hague: Mouton, 1971), to name some examples.
8Delany, op. cit., pp. 10-11.
9Abraham Cowley, "Of My Self," in The Complete Works in Verse and Prose of Abraham Cowley, ed. Alexander B. Grosart (New York: AMS Press, 1967), II, 340.
10Quoted in Lawrence Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 52-53.
11John Reresby, The Travels and Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, Bart. (London: B. McMillian, 1813), p. 1.
12Thomas Raymond, in G. Davies, ed., The Autobiography of Thomas Raymond and Memoirs of the Family of Guise of Elmore, Gloucestershire (London: Camden Society, Third Series, vol. 28, 1917), pp. 59-60.
13Alice Thornton, The Autobiography of Mrs. Alice Thornton of East Newton, Co. York, ed. Charles Jackson (Edinbergh: Surtees Society, 1875), p. 99.
14Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, Some Specialities in the Life of M. Warwicke, ed. T. C. Croker (London: Percy Society, 1848, vol. 22), p. 20.
15Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, ed. C. H. Firth (London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd., n.d.), p. 160.
16Ibid., p. 163.
17Ibid., p. 161.
18Stone, op. cit., p. 144.
19Cavendish, op. cit., p. 160.
20Rich, op. cit., pp. 19-20.
21Thornton, loc. cit.
22Anne Halkett, The Autobiography of Anne Lady Halkett, ed. John Gough Nichols (London: Camden Society, 1875), pp. 20-22.
23Ibid., pp. 67-69.
24Rich, op. cit., p. 19.
25Ibid.
26Anne Fanshawe, Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830), pp. 98-99.
27Ibid., pp. 124-246.
28Cavendish, op. cit., pp. 146-47.
29Frank Kermode, The Sense of an Ending (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 46.
30Fanshawe, op. cit., p. 31.
31I Cor. 11, 3; 7-9.
32I Tim. 2, 11-14.
33Richard Hooker, Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Policy, ed. Christopher Morris (London: J. M. Dent, 1964), II, 393.
34John Donne, Sermons, ed. G. R. Potter and E. M. Simpson (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1955), II, 346.
35Quoted in Katharine M. Rogers, The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), p. 135.
36Rogers, op. cit., p. 151.
37Anne Davidson Ferry, Miltonıs Epic Voice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 141-42.
38Christopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution (London: Secker & Warburg: 1958), p. 388.
39Lawrence Stone, "The Educational Revolution in England, 1560-1640," Past and Present, 28 (1964), 71-72.
40Ibid., pp. 73-74.
41Quoted in Reynolds, op. cit., p. 111.
42In James L. Clifford, Biography as an Art: Selected Criticism, 1560-1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 7.
43Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1957), p. 188.
44Roger Hart, English Life in the Seventeenth Century (London: Wayland Publishers, 1970), p. 24.
45Watt, "Serious Reflections on The Rise of the Novel," Novel, 1 (1968), 205-218.
46John J. Richetti, Popular Fiction Before Richardson: Narrative Patterns 1700-1739 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), pp. 1-22.
47Cavendish, op. cit., p. 158.
48Ebner, op. cit., p. 148.
49Delany, op. cit., p. 5.
50Jackson I. Cope, "Seventeenth-Century Quaker Style," PMLA, 62 (1956), 725-54.
51Luella M. Wright, The Literary Life of the Early Friends, 1650-1725 (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1966).
52William York Tindall, John Bunyan, Mechanick Preacher (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934).
53G. A. Starr, Defoe and Spiritual Autobiography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965).
54A. H. Upham, "Lucy Hutchinson and the Duchess of Newcastle," Anglia, 36 (1912), 200-220.
55Ibid., p. 218.
56Cavendish, op. cit., pp. 157-58.
57Lucy Hutchinson, Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), p. 17.
58Fanshawe, op. cit., p. 55.
59Morris W. Croll, "The Baroque Style in Prose," in Studies in English Philology: A Miscellany in Honor of Frederick Klaeber, ed. Kemp Malone and Martin B. Rudd (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1929), p. 430.
60Thomas Sprat, History of the Royal Society, ed. Jackson I. Cope and Harold Whitmore Jones (St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University Studies, 1958; facsimile of 1667 edition), p. 112.
61Ibid.
62Ibid., p. 113.
63Anon., Autobiography of a woman, supposedly a relative of Cromwellıs, born in 1654 (Ms. B. M. Add 5858, ff. 213021), pp. 412-13.
64Croll, op. cit., p. 431.
65Cavendish, op. cit., p. xxxix.
66Ibid., p. xii.
67Hutchinson, op. cit., p. 20.
68Stauffer, Eighteenth Century, p. 258.


18th Century Autobiographies: 1700-1750

1John Campbell Major, The Role of Personal Memoirs in English Biography and Novel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1935), p. 153.
2Anon., The Life and Adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, Commonly Called Mother Ross (London: R. Montagu, 1740), pp. 227-28.
3Anon., The Life, Voyages, and Surprising Adventures of Mary Jane Meadows (London: J. Bonsor, 1802), frontispiece.
4Roy Pascal, in Design and Truth in Autobiography (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 164, makes such a distinction: "the novel is complete in itself while the autobiography always reaches forward to the man writing."
5Works in this category include the writings of Martha Routh, Ruth Follows, Sarah Stevenson, and Jane Pearson; all are highly conventional Quaker productions.
6This work has never been published in its entirety, but Robert Halsband, in The Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 2n, asserts that the excerpts quoted in George Paston, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and her Times (London: Methuen & Co., 1907), p. 4 ff., are almost complete.
7Quoted in Halsband, op. cit., p. 2.
8This and all subsequent quotations are taken from Paston, op. cit. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
9Paston, op. cit., p. 28.
10Elizabeth Webb, A Letter from Elizabeth Webb to Anthony William Boehm, in The Friends Library, vol. xiii (Philadelphia: Joseph Rakestraw, 1849), pp. 163-73. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
11Delariviere Manley, The History of Rivella, in The Novels of Mary Delariviere Manley, ed. Patricia Köster (Gainesville, Florida: Scholarsı Facsimiles and Reprints, 1971), 729-856. This is a facsimile reproduction of the 1714 edition. Page numbers cited refer to Köster.
12Paul Bunyan Anderson, "Mistress Delariviere Manleyıs Biography," Modern Philology, 33 (1936), 265.
13Köster, op. cit., I, vi.
14Ibid., pp. x ff.
15Jonathan Swift, Journal to Stella, ed. Harold Williams (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948; rpt. 1963), I, 306.
16Köster, op. cit., I, xxi-xxii; John J. Richetti, Popular Fiction Before Richardson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), passim.
17Köster, op. cit., I, 443.
18Ibid., p. xx.
19Ibid.
20Richetti, op. cit., p. 125.
21Ibid., p. 124.
22Köster, op. cit., I, 713-26.
23Swift, op. cit., II, 474.
24Alexander Pope, The Dunciad, Bk. II, 11. 69-73, ed. James Sutherland, in The Twickenham Edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope, V (London: Methuen & Co., 1943), 105-6.
25Elizabeth Thomas, Introduction to Pylades and Corinna (London: Sir Edward Northey, 1731), p. lxiii. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
26Myra Reynolds, The Learned Lady in England 1650-1760 (Gloucester, Mass: Peter Smith, 1964), p. 176n.
27Reprinted in Reynolds, op. cit., pp. 170-71. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
28Mary Granville Pendarves Delany, The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, ed. Lady Llanover (London: Richard Bentley, 1861), I, vii. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
29Elizabeth Cairns, Memoirs of the Life of Elizabeth Cairns (Glasgow: John Grieg, n.d.). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
30Donald A. Stauffer, The Art of Biography in Eighteenth Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941), p. 288.
31Sarah Jennings Churchill, Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, ed. William King (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1930). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
32Donald Greene, The Age of Exuberance (New York: Random House, 1970), p. 73.
33Swift, quoted in King, op. cit., p. xi.
34Quoted in Stella Margetson, Leisure and Pleasure in the Eighteenth Century (London: Cassell, 1970), p. 8.
35Samuel Hopkins, Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Sarah Osborn (Worcester, Mass.: Leonard Worcester, 1799). The first thirty years are autobiographical. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
36Elizabeth Sampson Ashbridge, Some Account of the Early Part of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge (Liverpool: James Smith, 1806). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
37Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader, First Series (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1925), pp. 120-21.
38Laetitia Pilkington, Memoirs of Mrs Letitia Pilkington, ed. Iris Barry (London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1928). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
39Woolf, loc. cit.
40The phrase "harmless household dove," interestingly, is taken from Drydenıs All for Love.
41Stauffer, op. cit., p. 99n.
42Ibid., p. 97.
43Ibid., p. 104.
44Ibid., p. 107.
45Henry Fielding, Amelia (Oxford: Shakespeare Head Press, 1926), I, 30.
46Teresia Constantia Phillips, An Apology for the Conduct of Mrs. T. C. Phillips (London: G. Smith, 1761). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
47Stauffer, op. cit., p. 104.
48Ibid., p. 461


18th Century Autobiographies: 1750-1800

1Frances Anne Vane, "Memoirs of a Lady of Quality," in Tobias Smollett, Peregrine Pickle (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1930; rpt. 1963), 2, 33-143. Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
2Dictionary of National Biography (London: Oxford University Press, 1917; rpt. 1937-38), XX, 112.
3Donald A. Stauffer, The Art of Biography in Eighteenth Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941), p. 92.
4Ibid.
5Charlotte Charke (Sacheverel), A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Charlotte Charke, Daughter of Colley Cibber (London: Constable & Co. Ltd., 1929). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
6We should, however, note that these are books by men who strike a similar pose--her father Colley Cibber, for one. To some extent this narrative stance grows out of a general interest in Don Quixote; this, let us remember, was the literary background against which Sterne was shortly to erupt.
7Catherine Yeo Jemmat, The Memoirs of Mrs. Catherine Jemmat, Daughter of the late Admiral Yeo of Plymouth. Written by Herself (London, 1771). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
8Margaret Brindley Lucas, An Account of the Convincement and Call to the Ministry of Margaret Lucas, Late of Leek, in Staffordshire (Philadelphia: B. & J. Johnson, 1800). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
9Jane Hoskens, The Life and Spiritual Sufferings of that Faithful Servant of Christ, Jane Hoskens (Philadelphia: William Evitt, 1771). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
10Ann Wall, The Life of Lamenther: A True History Written by Herself in Five Parts (London, 1771). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
11Stauffer, op. cit., pp. 173-74.
12Mary Eleanor Lyon Bowes, The Confessions of the Countess of Strathmore; Written by Herself (London: W. Locke, 1793). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
13George Anne Bellamy, An Apology for the Life of George Anne Bellamy, Late of Covent-Garden Theatre. Written by Herself (London: J. Bell, 1785). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
14Elizabeth Sarah Villa-Real Gooch, The Life of Mrs. Gooch. Written by Herself. Dedicated to the Public (London: C. & G. Kearsley, 1792). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
15Hester Ann Rogers, An Account of the Experience of Mrs. H. A. Rogers. Written by Herself (London: G. Whitfield, n.d. [1802]). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
16Frances Henshaw Paxton Dodshon, Some Account of the Convincement and Religious Experience of Frances Dodshon, Late of Macclesfield (Warrington: W. Leicester, 1803). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
17Catherine Phillips, Memoirs of the Life of Catherine Phillips (London: James Phillips and Son, 1797). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
18Mary Alexander, Some Account of the Life and Religious Experience of Mary Alexander, Late of Needham Market (Philadelphia: A. Griggs & K. Dickinson, 1815). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
19Northrop Frye, "Towards Defining and Age of Sensibility," ELH, 23 (1956), 144-52.
20Mary Robinson, Mrs. Mary Robinson: Written by Herself (London: Grolier Society, n.d.). Page numbers cited refer to this edition.
21See Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood, trans. Robert Baldick (London: J. Cape, 1962).


Historical Background: The 18th Century

1Luella M. Wright, The Literary Life of the Early Friends: 1650-1725 (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1966), p. 4.
2Ibid., p. 1.
3Ibid., p. 11.
4James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, ed. George Birkbeck Hill (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1909), I, 535.
5Donald A. Stauffer, The Art of Biography in Eighteenth Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941), p. 260.
6Gerald M. Straka, "Sixteen Eighty-eight as the Year One: Eighteenth Century Attitudes Towards the Glorious Revolution," in Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture, vol. I: The Modernity of the Eighteenth Century, ed. Louis T. Milic (Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1971), pp. 145-46.
7Quoted in Straka, op. cit., p. 146.
8J. H. Plumb, England in the Eighteenth Century (1714-1815) (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1950; rpt. 1964), p. 11.
9M. Dorothy George, London Life in the XVIIIth Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925), p. 23.
10Plumb, op. cit., p. 144.
11Ibid., p. 11.
12Dorothy Marshall, Dr. Johnsonıs London (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1968), p. 12.
13Plumb, op. cit., p. 78.
14Ibid., p. 11
15F. Crouzet, "England and France in the Eighteenth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Two Economic Growths," trans. J. Sondheimer, in The Causes of the Industrial Revolution, ed. R. W. Hartwell (London: Methuen, 1967), p. 143.
16Marshall, op. cit., p. 24.
17Plumb, op. cit., p. 11.
18Ibid., p. 78.
19Ibid., p. 18.
20Ibid., p. 82.
21Ibid., p. 78.
22Crouzet, op. cit., p. 164.
23Ibid., p. 162.
24Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel (London: Chatto and Windus, Ltd., 1957; rpt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 142-43.
25Plumb, op. cit., p. 31.
26Watt, op. cit., p. 37.
27Plumb, op. cit., p. 30.
28Quoted in Robert Palfrey Utter and Gwendlyn Bridges Needham, Pamelaıs Daughters (New York: MacMillan Company, 1936), p. 31.
29Utter and Needham, op. cit., pp. 21-22.
30Quoted in A. R. Humphreys, "The ŒRights of Womanı in the Age of Reason," MLN, 41 (1946), 261.
31Boswell, op. cit., II, 63-64.
32Ibid., II, 64.
33Alexander Pope, Essay on Man, I, 11. 289-94, ed. Maynard Mack, in The Twickenham Edition of the Poems of Alexander Pope (London: Methuen & Co., 1950), III, 50-51.
34Basil Willey, The Eighteenth Century Background (London: Chatto and Windus, Ltd., 1940; rpt. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), pp. 43 ff.
35Ibid., p. 48.
36Soame Jenyns, "A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil," in The Works of Soame Jenyns (London: T. Cadell, 1790), III, 49.
37Pope, op. cit., III, 11. 148-60; 107-9.
38R. S. Crane, "Suggestions toward a Genealogy of the ŒMan of Feelingı," ELH, I (1934), 205 ff.
39George Anne Bellamy, An Apology for the Life of George Anne Bellamy, Late of Covent-Garden Theatre. Written by Herself (London: J. Bell, 1785), VI, 78.
40Elizabeth Sarah Villa-Real Gooch, The Life of Mrs. Gooch. Written by Herself. Dedicated to the Public (London: C & G. Kearsley, 1792), I, 18.
41John Tinnon Taylor, Early Opposition to the English Novel: The Popular Reaction from 1760-1830 (New York: Kingıs Crown Press, 1943), p. 1.
42Stauffer, op. cit., p. 65.
43Quoted in Humphreys, op. cit., p. 258.
44Daniel Defoe, Essay on Projects, quoted in Myra Reynolds, The Learned Lady in England: 1650-1760 (Gloucester, Mass., 1964), p. 311.
45Humphreys, op. cit., p. 261.
46Jonathan Swift, "Letter to a Very Young Lady on her Marriage," in The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, ed. Herbert Davis (Oxford, 1948), vol. 9, Irish Tracts: 1720-1723 and Sermons, ed. Louis Landa, p. 92.
47Quoted in Myra Reynolds, The Learned Lady in England: 1650-1760 (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1964), p. 340.
48Quoted in Reynolds, op. cit., p. 320.
49Taylor, op. cit., p. 52.
50Hester Ann Rogers, An Account of the Experience of Mrs. H. A. Rogers. Written by Herself (London: n.d., G. Whitfield, [1802]).
51Mary Alexander, Some Account of the Life and Religious Experiences of Mary Alexander, Late of Needham Market (Philadelphia: A. Griggs & K. Dickinson, 1815), p. 16.
52Swift, "On the Education of Ladies," in The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, ed. Herbert Davis (Oxford, 1948), IX, 92.
53Joseph Addison, Spectator 37, ed. Donald F. Bond (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965).
54John J. Richetti, Popular Fiction Before Richardson: Narrative Patterns 1700-1739 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), pp. 125-26.
55Quoted in Robert Halsband, The Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 2.
56Bellamy, op. cit., I, 117-18.
57Catherine Yeo Jemmat, The Memoirs of Mrs. Catherine Jemmat, Daughter of the late Admiral Yeo of Plymouth. Written by Herself (London, 1771), I, 115.
58Bellamy, op. cit., IV, 120.
59Stauffer, op. cit., p. 131.
60Gooch, op. cit., II, 111.
61Natascha Würzbach, ed., The Novel in Letters (Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1969), pp. xiv-xv.
62Bellamy, op. cit., II, 57-58.
63Mary Granville Pendarves Delany, The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, ed. Lady Llanover (London: Richard Bentley, 1860), I, 24.
64Ibid., p. 110.
65Charlotte Charke (Sacheverel), A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Charlotte Charke, Daughter of Colley Cibber (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1929), pp. 17-18.
66Utter and Needham, op. cit., pp. 111-12.
67Gooch, op. cit., I, 18.


The "Feminine Sensibility" in Early Autobiography

1Anna Robeson Burr, The Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909), p. 225.
2Ibid., pp. 225-26.
3Richard Austen Butler, The Difficult Art of Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), p. 22.
4Joyce M. Horner, "The English Women Novelists and their Connection with the Feminist Movement (1688-1797)," Smith College Studies in Modern Languages, 11 (1929), 143.
5Donald A. Stauffer, English Autobiography before 1700 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 209.
6Paul Delany, British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), pp. 158-59.
7Ibid., p. 164.
8Virginia Woolf, A Room of Oneıs Own (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1929), pp. 132 ff.
9Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: Bantam Books, 1970; rev. 1971; rpt. 1972), p. 164.
10Rarely, however, on the sexual aspects of these relationships. Occasionally men will deal with such matters; but even the raciest accounts of women seldom touch on them. That Fanny Hill could have been written by an eighteenth century English woman is most improbably.
11Lucy Hutchinson, "The Life of Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson," in Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), p. 30.
12Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, "The True Relation of my Birth and Breeding," in The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, ed. C. H. Firth (London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd., n.d.), p. 156.
13Alice Thornton, The Autobiography of Mrs. Alice Thornton of East Newton, Co. York, ed. Charles Jackson (Edinburgh: Surtees Society, 1875), p. 98.
14Ibid., p. 126.
15Hutchinson, op. cit., p. 63.
16Anne Fanshawe, Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830), p. 46.
17Mary Penington, Some Experiences in the Life of Mary Penington, ed. Norman Penney (London: Headley Bros., 1911), p. 10.
18Fanshawe, op. cit., p. 36.
19Cavendish, op. cit., p. 162.
20Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, Some Specialities in the Life of M. Warwicke, ed. T. C. Croker (London: Percy Society, 1848), p. 4.
21Thornton, op. cit., p. 75.
22Rich, op. cit., p. 11.
23Kenelm Digby, Loose Fantasies, ed. Vittorio Gabrieli (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1968), p. 38.
24Thomas Raymond, Autobiography, in The Autobiography of Thomas Raymond and Memoirs of the Family of Guise of Elmore, Gloucestershire, ed. G. Davies (London: Camden Society, 1917), p. 31.
25Ibid., pp. 44-45.
26Edward Hyde, The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon (Oxford: University Press, 1857), I, 11-12.
27Ibid., p. 15.
28Ibid.
29John Bramston, The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, K. B., of Skreens, in the Hundred of Chelmsford (London: Camden Society, 1845), p. 103.
30John Reresby, The Travels and Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, Bart. (London: B. MacMillan, 1813), p. 168.
31Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel (London: Chatto and Windus, Ltd., 1957; rpt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 144-45.
32Teresia Constantia Phillips, An Apology for the Conduct of Mrs. T. C. Phillips (London: G. Smith, 1761), iii, 49-50.
33M. Dorothy George, London Life in the XVIIIth Century, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925), p. 172.
34Edward Gibbon, Gibbonıs Autobiography, ed. M. M. Reese (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), p. 55.
35Quoted in Christopher Hill, "Clarissa Harlowe and her Times," Essays in Criticism, 5 (1955), 322.
36George Anne Bellamy, An Apology for the Life of George Anne Bellamy, Late of Covent-Garden Theatre. Written by Herself (London: J. Bell, 1785), I, 59.
37Ibid., IV, 118.
38Delariviere Manley, The History of Rivella, in The Novels of Mary Delariviere Manley, ed. Patricia Köster (Gainesville, Florida: Scholars Facsimiles and Reprints, 1971; facsimile reproduction of the 1714 edition), p. 748.
39Jonathan Swift, "Letter to a Very Young Lady on her Marriage," The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, ed. Herbert Davis (Oxford: Shakespeare Head Press, 1948), IX, 88.
40Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background, (New York: Anchor Press, 1953; first publ. 1934 ), p. 12.
41Catherine Yeo Jemmat, The Memoirs of Mrs. Catherine Jemmat, Daughter of the late Admiral Yeo of Plymouth. Written by Herself (London, 1771), II, 56.
42Bellamy, op. cit., I, 192.
43Ibid., II, 203.
44Fanny Burneyıs diary, quoted in Donald A. Stauffer, The Art of Biography in Eighteenth Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941), p. 128.